Interferon and Cytokine Research

Interferon:
Initially, interferons were thought to be an antiviral agent that prevented viral replication in mammalian cells. They are secreted by infected cells, where they cause cytokine synthesis by the innate immune system, as well as activity in natural killer cells and antigen presentation.

In response to pathogens, host lymphocytes release interferons, which are glycoprotein cytokines. Interferons interact with receptors that trigger STAT signalling complexes to activate or upregulate immune cells via activating or upregulating STAT signalling. In the end, this results in the removal of the pathogen or tumour cells from the organism.

Cytokine Research:
Currently, cytokines are referred to as "immunomodulating agents," or molecules that alter or modify the immune system response. Small, membrane-bound proteins known as cytokines serve as cell signalling molecules. They encourage cell migration to regions of inflammation, infection, and injury and facilitate cell-to-cell communication during immune responses.

Cytokines plays a crucial role in controlling the growth and activity of the immune system cells and blood cells. When injected subcutaneously, intramuscularly, or intravenously, they can be used to treat cancer and/or assist in preventing or managing chemotherapy side effects. By transmitting signals that can result in aberrant cell death and lengthen the lifespan of healthy cells, they also contribute to the promotion of anti-cancer activity.
There are different types of cytokines, including 

• Chemokines
• Interferons
• Interleukins
• Lymphokines 
• Tumor necrosis factor